2019年从中国肺炎患者分离出的新型冠状病毒

摘要

2019年12月，中国武汉出现与海鲜批发市场相关的不明原因肺炎的聚集性病例。对肺炎患者样本进行全基因组测序后发现了一种从未见过的乙型冠状病毒属（betacoronavirus）病毒。该病毒从感染者气道上皮细胞中分离出，随后被命名为2019-nCoV，它属于正冠状病毒亚科（Orthocoronavirinae subfamily）的Sarbe冠状病毒亚属（subgenus sarbecovirus），但形成了另外一簇的进化分支。2019-nCoV与MERS-CoV和SARS-CoV都不同，它成为可以感染人类的冠状病毒科中的第7个成员。对该病毒的加强监控和进一步的研究正在进行中（由中国国家重点研发项目和国家传染病防治重大专项资助）。

新出现和再度出现的病原体全球公共卫生面临挑战¹。冠状病毒是一种有包膜的RNA病毒，广泛存在于人类、哺乳动物和鸟类宿主中，可以导致呼吸道、肠道、肝脏和神经系统疾病^2,3。目前已知6个冠状病毒属可对人类致病⁴，其中以229E、OC43、NL63和HKU1为主，可以导致免疫功能正常的宿主发生普通感冒症状⁴；另外两种病毒：严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）和中东呼吸综合征病毒（MERS-CoV），引起人畜共患传染病，有时可发生致死性疾病⁵。SARS-CoV是中国广东2002—2003年间暴发的严重急性呼吸综合征的病原体^6-8，而MERS-CoV是2012年中东地区暴发的严重呼吸道疾病的病原体⁹。鉴于冠状病毒的高流行率和广泛分布，其基因组的巨大遗传多样性和频繁重组，以及人-动物间接触活动的增加，新型冠状病毒可能因频繁的跨物种感染和偶尔的动物传人事件而周期性地出现在人类面前^5,10。

2019年12月末，武汉几家卫生机构报道了不明原因肺炎的聚集性病例，这些病例在流行病学上与武汉一家海鲜和生鲜批发市场相关¹¹。12月31日，中国疾病预防控制中心（中国CDC）派出快速反应小组，会同湖北省和武汉市卫生机构进行了流行病学和病原学调查。我们在疫情早期报道了这项调查的结果，确定了肺炎聚集性病例的来源，并描述了中国CDC在肺炎患者中检出的一种新型冠状病毒。我们还描述了其中2例患者的肺炎临床特征。

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作者信息

Na Zhu, Ph.D., Dingyu Zhang, M.D., Wenling Wang, Ph.D., Xingwang Li, M.D., Bo Yang, M.S., Jingdong Song, Ph.D., Xiang Zhao, Ph.D., Baoying Huang, Ph.D., Weifeng Shi, Ph.D., Roujian Lu, M.D., Peihua Niu, Ph.D., Faxian Zhan, Ph.D., Xuejun Ma, Ph.D., Dayan Wang, Ph.D., Wenbo Xu, M.D., Guizhen Wu, M.D., George F. Gao, D.Phil., and Wenjie Tan, M.D., Ph.D. for the China Novel Coronavirus Investigating and Research Team
From the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (N.Z., W.W., J.S., X.Z., B.H., R.L., P.N., X.M., D.W., W.X., G.W., G.F.G., W.T.), and the Department of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University (X.L.) — both in Beijing; Wuhan Jinyintan Hospital (D.Z.), the Division for Viral Disease Detection, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (B.Y., F.Z.), and the Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (W.T.) — all in Wuhan; and the Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, China (W.S.). Address reprint requests to Dr. Tan at the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, 155 Changbai Road, Changping District, Beijing 102206, China; or at tanwj@ivdc.chinacdc.cn, Dr. Gao at the National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China, or at gaof@im.ac.cn, or Dr. Wu at the NHC Key Laboratory of Biosafety, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing 102206, China, or at wugz@ivdc.chinacdc.cn.

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